نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The Borderline personality disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was   to compare the effect of dialectical behavior therapy and emotional schema therapy on reducing the symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

The research was a single-subject design in terms of applied purpose and data collection method. Based on the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder by a psychiatrist and structured clinical interview (SCID) by clinical psychologist and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4 patients were randomly assigned to dialectical behavioral therapy and emotional schema therapy. Each patient was evaluated 11 times (3 times before the treatment, 5 times during the treatment, and 3 times after the treatment) were evaluated by the Emotion Regulation Scale (ERQ), Borderline Personality Scale (STB), and Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS). Data were analyzed by indicators of trend changes, slope, reviewing of charts. Furthermore, to evaluate the clinical significance, the index of recovery percentage and effect size were used.

Examination of graphs and data analysis showed that emotional schema therapy has reduced hopelessness and impulsivity more than dialectical behavior therapy and also emotional schema therapy had a greater effect on reappraisal emotion. Both treatments also had the same effect in reducing repression.Discussion and

According to the findings, emotional schema therapy can be used as an effective treatment in psychological interventions of patients with a borderline personality disorder.

Excitement is a complex and multidimensional event that leads to readiness for action. Emotional regulation as external and internal processes is responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions, especially temporal and intensive characteristics to achieve the goal. Exercise is one of the most effective ways to regulate your emotions. The present study investigated the relationship between emotion regulation and the level of physical fitness related to the health of firefighters in Tehran.

This research is a correlational study, which was conducted cross-sectionally. The statistical population included all firefighters in the operational department of the Tehran Fire Department, from which 341 people with a mean age of 33 ± 7.5 years were selected using simple random sampling. To conduct this study, Cooper test to evaluate the performance of cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition by calculating body mass index, sit-up test to assess strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, flexibility test to assess flexibility of back and thigh muscles, the pull-up test to assess the strength and endurance of the shoulder girdle muscles and the emotion adjustment skills questionnaire to assess emotion regulation were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression.

The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between health-related fitness factors (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility) with emotion regulation, and body mass index component has a negative relationship with emotion regulation. The results of regression analysis showed that all physical fitness factors related to health have the power to predict the amount of emotion regulation.Discussion and

According to the findings of this study, there is a significant relationship between all components of physical fitness related to health and emotion management and having high physical fitness is effective in positive emotional regulation. The results of the research show the need to pay more attention to improving the physical health and physical fitness of firefighters to perform their duties more effectively.

Parents of children with cancer are at risk for mental disorders such as anxiety that affects their quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of self-compassion-focused therapy on anxiety and quality of life in parents of children with cancer.

This study was a quasi-experimental study. Sixty parents of children with a cancer diagnosis were randomly selected from patients referred to the oncology department of hospitals under the auspices of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2021 and were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The Demographic questionnaire, Beck anxiety questionnaire and quality of life questionnaire were completed by both groups before the intervention. Self-compassion-focused therapy was taught to the parents in the intervention group for 2 months. Questionnaires were completed by both groups in the post-test and follow-up stages. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software version 21.

The results of the present study showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of anxiety and quality of life in the experimental and control groups (p-value <0.05). Immediately after the intervention and three subsequent follow-ups, a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean scores of anxiety in the two groups (p-value <0.05. (Discussion and

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the treatment of self-centered compassion in parents with children with cancer who have high anxiety is highly educable and will reduce anxiety and increase their quality of life.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrine diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotional-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the emotions of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the age range of 20-40 (after puberty and premenopausal age) referred to the Ibn Sina clinic in Tehran. The sampling method of this study was purposive sampling: 45 obese female volunteers with polycystic ovary syndrome with body mass index higher than 30 in three groups of emotion therapy and treatment Cognitive-behavioral and control groups (each group consisting of 15 people) were randomly replaced. The instruments of the present study included a questionnaire of positive emotion and negative emotion scales. After completing the pretest, the intervention groups received 9-45 minutes of intervention in weekly sessions for 9 sessions in individual sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Data in the study were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferren post hoc test in SPSS-25 software at the level of 0.05. 

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of emotions in terms of group membership (experimental groups and control group) in the post-test stage. Therefore, emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy improved emotional scores compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, these two emotional therapies and cognitive-behavioral therapies had the same effect on emotions (P <0.05). In addition, the results showed that the effectiveness of emotion-oriented therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotions continued in the follow-up phase.Discussion and

Psychologists can use these results in clinical interventions to use emotion-oriented and cognitive-behavioral therapies to reduce negative emotions and increase the positive emotions of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

This study aimed to compare resilience, self-compassion, and experiences of early abuse in students with and without self-harm behaviors.

This descriptive study was performed with a causal-comparative design. The statistical population of this study consists of all undergraduate students studying at the University of Guilan in the academic year 2021-2021. The study participants were 115 students with, and 130 students without self-harm behaviors who were identified and selected among the students through the self-harm questionnaire of Sanson et al. (With a score of 5). Research data using the self-harm questionnaire of Sanson et al. (1998), Wagnild's (2009) short form of resilience scale, Raes et al.'s (2010) short form of self-compassion scale, Karami et al.'s (2019) short form of Dura et al.'s (2006) Psychiatric Symptoms questionnaire was collected. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Based on the results, students have significant differences in the variables of resilience, self-compassion, and experiences of early abuse (P <0.05). In the other words, in this research, students with self-harm behaviors have less resilience and self-compassion and experiences of early abuse. Self-harmer people have self-management, meaning in life, self-kindness, common human experiences, less mindfulness and self-judgment, over-identification, isolation, experiences of physical and verbal abuse, and more neglect than non-self-harmer people.Discussion and

Considering the research findings and low levels of resilience and self-compassion in students with a history of self-harm, it is suggested that programs and workshops in university counseling centers teach the method of Self-management, increase resilience, and increase self-compassion to prevent self-harm behaviors. Findings indicate that there are more experiences of early abuse in students with self-harm, therefore, it is suggested that measures be taken to review the mental health record of students and provide medical services to people with experiences of early abuse.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The study population consisted of all members of the MS Society of Iran located in Tehran, and the research sample consisted of 30 members of the Association who were selected using the targeted sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experiment and control groups (15 people for each group). All 2groups were tested by (DASS-21) and (GSE-10) scale, and then the experimental group received schema therapy in 12 Two-hour sessions for 12 weeks, but the control group did not receive some training, then both groups were post-test. The research data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance and independent t-test.

The results of analysis of variance of difference scores showed that schema therapy on stress (f=110.90, P<0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, P<0,001), and depression: (f= 32.29, P<0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis has been effective. Schema therapy has been effective in increasing the self-efficacy of patients with multiple sclerosis (t = 12.07).Discussion and

The findings of this study confirm the effectiveness of schema therapy in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression and increasing self-efficacy in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Examining marital satisfaction can play an important decisive role in creating and maintaining a marital relationship and it has the strength of family focus. Therefore, this study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on the variables of empathy, marital commitment, and attachment styles of married women in Tehran in 2021.

The current research has been conducted by the correlation research method, and the sample volume includes 350 married women in Tehran, which were chosen via convenience sampling.  For variable assessments, The Empathy Scale (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972), Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (DCI) (Adams & Jones, 1997), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) (Collins & Read, 1990), and Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) (Hudson, 1992) were used. Finally, data were analyzed by the standard multiple regression.

The research result showed that the variables of Empathy, Marital commitment, and Attachment styles predict Marital satisfaction so that, the empathy subscales such as Expressive, participatory, reactive, emotional stability, and emotional impact directly and empathy for others and control indirectly related. Also, the dimensions of marital commitment were directly and avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles inversely predict marital satisfaction.Discussion and

According to the research findings, it can be said the factors of empathy, marital commitment, and attachment styles have an important role and influence on the level of marital satisfaction and mental health of the family. Therefore, a detailed study of these factors’ effects will help psychologists in intervention and counseling programs.

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most common causes of admissions and referral in cardiovascular patients. In addition to physiological reasons, psychological factors play a key role in the onset and exacerbation of the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on perceived stress and coping skills in patients after myocardial infarction.

The present study was a clinical trial based on the experimental design (pre-test, post-test with control, and follow-up group). The statistical population of the study was included 30 discharged patients with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction who referred to the Noor specialized Heart clinic in Rasht in 2018. The patients were divided into experimental (5 females and 10 males) and control groups (8 females and 7 males) with a simple random sampling method. Assessment tools included perceived stress and coping strategies questionnaires that were completed pre, post, and 3 months after the intervention. The experimental group was conducted to educate within eight 90min weekly sessions for two months. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni test.

The results showed that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy had a significant difference in the mean perceived stress (F=10.8, p< 0.05), problem solving strategy (F=10.10, p<0.001), and emotion-focused strategy (F=3.43, p<0.05) in the experimental group compared to control group was observed.Discussion and

Cognitive-behavioral intervention is effective on perceived stress and coping skills in patients after myocardial infarction.

The issue of separation of couples for any reason can have devastating psychological effects on family members, and depression is one of such major problems. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on depression in single-parent adolescent girls in secondary schools in Tuyserkan.

In this study, a quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test design with control group was used and its statistical population consisted of all single high school female students in Tuyserkan in the academic year 2020, of which 30 students were selected by available sampling method based on the inclusion criteria and randomly placed in two groups of 15 experimental and control. For both groups, the pre-test, including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was performed and the experimental group underwent dialectical behavioral therapy for 10 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed the post-test again and the results were analyzed by analysis of covariance.

The results showed dialectical behavior therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and the subjects in the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant reduction in depression and its cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms.Discussion and

The results of this study show that this therapeutic approach can be used to reduce cognitive and emotional problems in depressed people.

The growing importance of physical attractiveness has led to the fact that sometimes social acceptance and interpersonal success depend on perfect and ideal appearance. Also, the decline in the quality of physical and psychological health due to concerns about body shape and fear of physical appearance led to a to investigate the structural relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and early maladaptive schemas and perceived emotional invalidation with emphasis on the mediating role of metacognition, body image, and distress tolerance.

The present research is descriptive-applied. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students studying in the country's universities at all levels of education. Among them, 297 people participated in the study as a sample using purposive sampling and through the website, of course, after informed consent. They completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for -BDD (Phillips et al., 1997), the Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form (Welburn et al., 2002), the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons and Gaher, 2005), the Perceived Invalidation of Emotion Scale (Zielinski,2016), the Body Dysmorphic Metacognitive Questionnaire (Rabiei et al.,2011), and the Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton, Axsom, and Pury, 2005) were completed. The research data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling method and SPSS-15 and LISREL-8.5 software.

The results of modeling the structural equations of the research showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fit with the experimental data. The present model can explain 68% of the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. The results of the Bootstrap test also showed that the disturbed body image variable is a mediating variable in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and perceived emotional discrediting with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. In addition, the distress tolerance variable has a mediating role concerning early maladaptive schemas and body deformity disorder, so the direct relationship between early maladaptive schemas and perceived emotional invalidation with body dysmorphic disorder was not significant considering the mediating role of these variables.Discussion and

The results of this study support the full mediating role of distress tolerance and deformity body image in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and perceived emotional discrediting with body deformity disorder, and may have practical clinical implications for evidence-based interventions for deformity.

Acceptance and commitment therapy is one of the third-generation therapies that are of great interest to researchers. Numerous studies have examined the specific processes of ACT and today there is a strong focus on the development of specific, single-act evaluation methods. The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (compact) Scale in non-clinical Iranian samples.

In this study, 338 undergraduate students of Tehran University completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes Scale, Acceptance and Act Questionnaire (AAQ), Marlowe Crown Social Desirability Scale (MCSD), The Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-12), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Wilson's Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) were used to measure convergent and divergent validity. The scale was also tested using test-retest and internal consistency.

The results showed that the validity of the test using the Omega coefficient of 0.84 as well as test-retest validity of the Comprehensive Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Scale was 0.58 (p <0.01). The convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the correlations obtained with other questionnaires.Discussion and

Based on the results of the present study, the Iranian version of the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Process Scale is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating specific Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes and psychological flexibility in nonclinical samples and can be used in clinical trials. Psychological research, especially research related to acceptance and commitment therapy, and clinical cases with appropriate caution.

People go beyond the meta personal self-construal dimensions to find the meaning of life and self-definition, the sense of identity in these people goes beyond self-focus and includes a sense of connection with all beings. In order to study the cognitive, motivational, emotional, and behavioral effects of this dimension of self-interpretation, it is necessary to have a tool that has acceptable validity and credibility. The aim of the present study is to validate and validate the Persian version of the meta-personal scale (MPS) and to examine its psychometric properties.

The sample of the present study included 200 students studying in the academic year 2020-2021 at the University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti and was selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Metapersonal self-scale (MPS) was prepared after the translation process and was administered along with the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaires and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. In this study, to evaluate the validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and divergent validity were used. Correlations between the meta personal scale scores and Interpersonal Reactivity Index and DASS-21 scale were used to assess concurrent and divergent validity respectively. The reliability of the Persian version of the Metapersonal scale was assessed via Cronbach’s alphas and ordinal theta.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm the one-factor structure in the Iranian sample and indicate the good fit and desirability of the one-factor model (χ2⁄df= 2.607, GFI= 0.917, RMSEA= 0.069, SRMR= 0.053). Significant correlations between the transpersonal self-scale with the interpersonal reactivity index scales and the depression, anxiety, and stress scales also confirm the convergent and divergent validity of the transpersonal self-scale (p <0.05). The validity of the scale was obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole scale 0.86 and the sequential theta of the whole scale equal to 0.84.Discussion and

In general, the results of this study indicated that the Persian version of the meta personal scale is unidimensional, which has appropriate reliability and validity for application in psychological studies conducted for Iranian samples.

The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure and the validity of Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ) thorough the Persian translated version, which envolves 18 adopted with Iranian cultural context.Introductoin: The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure and the validity of the Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ) through the Persian translated version, which involves 18 adopted with Iranian cultural context.

The present study was descriptive-applied and psychometric. After translation and confirmation of the content validity by experts, a population of 510 students of universities was selected through the academic year of 2020 in Mashhad deploying multi-stage cluster random sampling to conduct the tests. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the construct validity. The metacognitive beliefs questionnaire (MCQ) was also used to evaluate the validity of the criterion of simultaneous type.

The exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that were all consistent with the results of previously conducted studies, and these three factors together explained 51.43% of the total variance. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ) and its factors was obtained from 0.78 to 0.83. In the split-half method, Spearman-Brown and Guttman correlation coefficients were 0.90 and 0.89, respectively. Through the criterion validity examination of the Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ), the Persian version showed a positive and significant relationship with the Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ).Discussion and

Finally, it was concluded that the Persian version of MDTQ can be considered as acceptable psychometric properties to measure metacognitions about the desire thinking in Iranian samples.

The exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that were all consistent with the results of previously conducted studies, and these three factors together explained 51.43% of the total variance. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ) and its factors was obtained from 0.78 to 0.83. In the split-half method, Spearman-Brown and Guttman correlation coefficients were 0.90 and 0.89, respectively. Through the criterion validity examination of Metacognitions about Desire Thinking Questionnaire (MDTQ), the Persian version showed a positive and significant relationship with Metacognitive beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ).

Finally, it was concluded that the Persian version of MDTQ can be considered as acceptable psychometric properties to measure metacognitions about desire thinking in Iranian samples.

Callous-Unemotional Traits are characterized by disinterest in others' pain, the lack of regret feeling and guilt, slow emotional response, and inhibition of emotional link with others. The aim of the present study was to determine standardization and study of the psychometric properties of the Callous-Unemotional Traits Questionnaire.

The method of the present study was a correlation. The statistical population was all high school students in the academic year 2018 in Tabriz. The sample of the present study consists of 300 people (150 girls and 150 boys) who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and responded to the Callous-Unemotional Traits Questionnaire (Ferric, 2003) and Empathy Questionnaire (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software.

In this study, the reliability and factor structure factor Callous-Unemotional Traits Questionnaire were examined. Data analysis showed that the Persian version of this questionnaire, like the original version, had a three-factor structure. Evaluation of construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis showed that the template fit is optimal and the results showed that indirect path coefficients between the components of Callousness (P = 0.001, b= 1), Uncaring (b=0.77, P = 0.001), and insensitivity (P = 0.005, b=0.28) are significant with the whole scale of insensitive and unemotional traits. The study of concurrent validity Callous-Unemotional Traits Questionnaire with Empathy Questionnaire (p=0/01, r=-0/42) showed there is a negative relationship between these Questionnaires. The reliability of the scale was obtained 0/70 using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and 0.78 using the test-retest method.Discussion and

According to the results, this instrument is reliable and valid and is capable to be used in Iranian society to investigate Callous-Unemotional Traits.

Psychotherapy is one of the most important and attractive directions in psychology. Most of the researches are concentrating on the statistical and clinical significance of psychological treatment in comparing a given treatment group with the other groups or placebo ones. It is worth noting that therapy leads always to no positive outcome. Sometimes it makes some clients worse and some of them remain without any change (no change). The therapy failure has been ignored. The focus on statistical and clinical significance which is predominantly evaluated using quantitative pre-post outcome questionnaires remains unclear what this means for clients in their real situations. To do this, it is needed to combine treatment evaluation with quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. This paper aimed to provide a theoretical view and practical steps for inquiring therapy failure: “no changing” and “deteriorating” after receiving therapy. Finding the roots of this failure improvement the theoretical basis in explanation of a psychological disorder and the related psychotherapeutic package. This paper stayed away from theoretical and practical ignorance.